Make the Sauce : In a small bowl, whisk together sesame oil, soy sauce, water, brown sugar, rice vinegar, sesame seeds (if using), and ground black pepper. Set aside.
Heat the Pan : Heat the cooking oil in a large skillet or wok over medium-high heat.
Sauté Aromatics : Add the minced garlic and ginger to the hot pan. Sauté for about 30 seconds until fragrant.
Cook the Beef : Add the ground beef to the skillet and cook, breaking it up with a spatula, until browned and cooked through.
Add the Vegetables : Stir in the cabbage, carrots, and half of the spring onions. Cook for 4–5 minutes, stirring frequently, until the vegetables are tender but still crisp.
Add the Sauce : Pour the prepared sauce over the beef and vegetables. Stir well to coat everything evenly. Cook for an additional 2 minutes, allowing the flavors to meld.
Garnish and Serve : Remove from heat and garnish with the remaining spring onions. Serve hot as is or over rice or noodles if desired.